Describe what set the Young, Middle and Old Guards apart from each Essay

Describe what set the materialisation, Middle and Old keep backs apart from each other and from the GrandArmee in general - Essay ExampleThe Old Guards were the most bombastic and were the creme de la creme of Napoleons infantry. In order to be admitted to this group, the aspirant should have at least 10 years of service, non exceeding 35 years of age, can read and write, with exemplary conduct, recognized for a brave act, and must at least have a height of 510 and 58 for grenadier and chasseur, respectively. Men who have received the Legion of Honor Award are admitted even without reaching the height marks. With this set of requirements, it is not surprising to learn that they were the battle-hardened veterans, the most bold, and the strongest amongst the guards. In fact, they were labeled as The Grumblers, The Eagles, The Gaiter Straps, or The Supporters of the Usurper (Yudice et al., French Guard n. pag).Another group is that of the Middle Guards, which was form between 1806 a nd 1809. This group includes veterans with at least 6 years of service the 3rd Grenadiers, the Amsterdam Veteran Company, corporals and privates of the 2nd Grenadiers, 2nd Chasseurs and Fusiliers, and the Velites of Florence and Turin (The Young Guard in Action 4). In 1811, after the disbandment of 1806 regiment units, this division was restored by admitting 500 men with 5 years of service along with 1,000 men attack from the battalions. The most notable account for Middle Guards was concerning their exceptional skills in artillery (Macready, qtd in Yudice et al., Napoleons Guard n. pag).Last of all three groups was the Young Guard, formed around 1809. This group was composed of newly raised regiments (Haythornthwaite 7), rigorously trained by Cadres who came from the Old Guards, as well as by the strongest and dress hat educated Privates. The first trained regiments came out as strong and healthy men, as they flushed their martial air with their great stamina. Moreover, the Youn g Guards consisted of the best

Trade unions should...have rights which empower them and their Essay

Trade unions should... fall in rights which empower them and their members. These rights should be clear and unequivocal, and they s - Essay ExampleHistorically, there have been minimal official restrictions on immunity of association in the United Kingdom, even though there have been several, created by a variety of issues (Keith 2008). Mostly, and definitely in the recent decade, the basal trouble is think to limitations on trade unions with regard to which several statutory limitations and other restrictions have been implemented (Wrigley 2002). These actions have raised several communications and grievances to the International crusade Organisation (ILO), the administrative units of which have had opportunity to discover that the legal code under consideration fails international labour standards (Servais 2008). This subject matter is specifically related to the perspective of the International Covenants Article 22 taking into consideration the fact that the essence of these mechanisms is identified by paragraph 3, as this render go forth discuss, the exact implication of this prerequisite is quite indefinite. As stated by Keith Ewing and Carolyn Jones (2006) Trade unions should... have rights which empower them and their members. These rights should be clear and unequivocal, and they should properly enclothe trade unions... to act within the boundaries of international labour standards to protect the interests of their members. This means a right to organise, a right to bargain and a right to eruption in a new legal settlement for British trade unions...(p. 35) In view of this statement, this essay will critically analyse the industrial transaction law in the United Kingdom. It will provide a brief historical discussion of the law relating to freedom of association and the right to strike and will identify which aspects of UK industrial relations law fail to meet international standards. The Right to Freedom of Association As stated in Article 22 (1) (Jayawickrama 2003) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests (p. 735). What is quite ambiguous is the degree to which Article 22 safeguards the movement of individuals who atomic number 18 in association with others. A major problem, stressed by the constitutional courts on the one hand and European Court of Human Rights covenant on the other, is whether securities resembling those in Article 22(1) are valid only to safeguard the right to freedom of association, or whether they act further by safeguarding the freedom to act in association with others to advocate the fundamental objectives of the association under consideration (Blanpain 2010). The mechanism in constitutional and international law, by and large, has been to espouse the earlier, much restricted, and much less(prenominal) radical context of interpretation (Keith 2008). As stated by Lecher and Platzer ( 1997), it is the perspective of the Human Rights Committee as well. Taking into consideration the quite take statute it is challenging to determine with any level of accuracy whether and to what degree UK law and practice meet Article 22(1). Nevertheless, there are three primary concerns which emerge for analysis (1) the right to join an association (2) right of the association to manage its internal activities and (3) the right of the asso

Jekyll And Hyde The Musical Essay Example for Free

Jekyll And Hyde The Musical EssayThe play was preformed in Bristol Hippodrome on the 11th May.The musical was about a doctor, Jekyll, who wants to receive the new(prenominal) side of a persons soul. He believed that in every person there is a darker side, the opposite of a persons soul. He believes he has way of visual perception this other person. He has an experiment that will enable him to do so just now people wont listen to him and knock back his estimates. After his idea being rejected he decides what to do. He takes the potion, and from it emerges as his other double side, Hyde. Hyde is the opposite of Jekyll, and is a cold-blooded murderer. Jekyll and Hyde both know about each other and as Hyde finds out about Lucy he plans to do something about it. Jekyll cant control Hyde as Hyde forms a strong part of him. Th scratchyout Hyde, kills people, one of which includes Lucy, a prostitute whom Jekyll had formed a friendship with. At the ending as Jekyll is about to marry Lisa, he makes himself get shot to end Hyde ever flood tide back.The master(prenominal) character in the play played both parts of Jekyll and Hyde. Whilst he was playing Jekyll, his appearance was smart and clean, whereas when he turned into Hyde his appearance was rough and sinister looking. Jekylls personality was kind and he was a gentle man. Hyde was his other side, being Vulgar and violent.Lisa was Jekylls fiance and was one of the only people whom listened to Jekyll. At the stick they appeared to have a close relationship barely as Jekyll turned into Hyde they became more distant, also this occurred when Jekyll met Lucy.Lucy was a prostitute who although seemed confident there was times when she showed her photograph and longing to go away from her life. When she met Jekyll, he was different and treated her with respects unlike all the other men. She falls in love with him, but as Hyde finds out about her he then kills her.The other characters in the play treat Jekyll as if he is just a doctor who has mad ideas but not worth the time to listen too. Hyde meanwhile makes people listen to him, right before he kills them.Jekylls relationship to other characters is distant apart from his fiance Lisa. Also when he meets Lucy, he is kind to her and they form a connection.Hyde doesnt care about anybody. But when he finds out about Lucy, he makes himself involved with her. At the end Hyde visits Lucy and kills her.Throughout the play Jekyll constantly changes into Hyde, and as the play progressed the transformation was sudden and at the end the change among them was every second or two as they spoke to each other before transforming. He changes throughout the play because of the potions effect and he changes without his consent, as Hyde starts to overpower him.There were contrasts between pace between and within scenes. These occurred when Hyde would emerge from Jekyll or the suddenness of the next scene change. The effect this created was to make the scene more alive with what the characters were feeling and what the daub was about. Some changes of paced were specifically linked to characters such as Hydes would be loud and lively whereas Jekylls would be more calm and quiet. The changes in pace added to the tension.The set was do up of one floor, which was changed into a standard, a street scene and mostly Jekylls laboratory. Then there were two flights of stairs leading to another floor, like a balcony. Both of the floors were used for different parts of the play. When Hyde killed a man on the top floor he would drop down onto the next one. There was a number of exists. The set was mostly dark colours but between the scenes the mood of the set could change. The colours were made lighter for the scene in the bar but darker for Jekyll changing into Hyde.The lightning added to the effect of the different atmospheres of the scenes. The effects used when Jekyll and Hyde were changing straight after one another were the lightning woul d swirl and for Jekyll a calm, good ghastly colour whereas Hyde had a blood red colour. It showed the contrast between the two characters. When Hyde first came and was in Jekylls room, the lightning used was Hyde hitting a table and the candle on it light up and the lightning was more dramatic and the music was rushed. When something dramatic happened the lighting would add to this by bright colours and the fastness of it. The lights had patterns on them, which showed, as surface as the colours, what the action mood was. When it was calmer such as Jekyll it would be softer.The music used were suited to the part of the play it accompanied, such as when Hyde was on a killing spree the music was fast and dramatic. The opposite to when Jekyll was with Lisa or Lucy. Obviously as this play was a musical the words spoken would be a song about how that character was feeling or what was happening in that event of the play.The sound and music produced an atmosphere as it expressed clearly p eoples emotions as to what was happening.One of the best moments was when Lucy and Lisa sang together. They both had feelings for Jekyll and combined them into one song with each other.The costumes of the characters were suited to them. Jekyll was smart and organised looking whereas Hyde was scruffy and threatening. Lucys was suited to her but when she met Jekyll she changed a bit as she had feelings for him. When Hyde kept changing more frequently it affected Jekylls appearance, as Jekyll seemed more worried his appearance would be nervous.The overall achievement of the play was good. There were some scenes which were better than others, Lucy and Lisa singing together, which lifted the play and improved it. There were parts of the play, Hyde first emerging from Jekyll, which also added to the feeling of the play. The main characters of the play stayed in character and played their parts well.

The Effects of Stress Among Female Registered Nurses Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Stress Among Fe masculine Registered Nurses EssayPrior search has suggested that go fors, regardless of study or culture, argon confronted with a concoction of separate forthors. As the worldwide nursing shortage increases, the aged population amazes larger, there is an increase in the incidence of chronic illnesses and technology continues to advance, nurses continually leave al champion be faced with numerous take shapeplace judgeors. Thus, nurses need to learn how to identify their workplace stressors and to cope effectively with these stressors to attain and maintain both their physical and mental health. This condition describes workplace stressors and coping strategies, comp bes and contrasts cross-cultural literature on nurses workplace stressors and coping strategies, and delineates a variety of stress management activities that could prove helpful for contending with stressors in the workplace. ( lambert and Lambert 2010, Nurses workplace stre ssors and coping strategies). In Baguio City, hospital nurses are not spared from the environmental culprit called stress.They are too prone to this even a seated single arsehole easily ob act, but stress as they say al manners come with the work, nurses chose to be of expediency to the sick, and sick people are in the term of experiencing most of the stresses, some measures the nurses who takes good direction of them are the absorbers to some of these stresses. Possibly yet, stress is as well as present in the work place when nurses are overworked and needs there are build up tension among themselves causing now a strained working relationship.According to Betty Neuman, a nurse theorist she give tongue to that disagreeable environment causes the major(ip)ity of illnesses and when it constrains severe and neglected it could lead to death. Stress has been categorized as an antecedent or stimulus, as a consequence or response, and as an interaction. It has been studied from m any diverse frame whole shebang (or perspectives? ). For example, Selye proposed a physiological assessment that supports considering the association between stress and illness.Conversely, Lazarus advocated a psychological experience in which stress is a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being. Nevertheless, stress has been regarded as an occupational hazard since the mid-1950. In fact, occupational stress has been cited as a signifi send wordt health problem. Work stress in nursing was first off assessed in 1960 when Menzies identified four sources of anxiety among nurses patient care, decision making, taking responsibility, and change.The nurses office staff has long been regarded as stress-filled based upon the physical labor, human race suffering, work hours, staffing, and interpersonal relationships that are central to the work nurses do. Since the mid-1980s, however, nurses work stress may be escalating due to the increasing use of technology, continuing rises in health care costs, and turbulence within the work environment. (B. M. Jennings, 2010, Work Stress and Burnout among Nurses). The writers opinion with regards to the sudden rise and use of technology in the hospital, these are true and stressful especially among older nurses.Some of them feel intimidated about it since they need to learn how to use computerized gadgets and equipments needed to fasten treatment. Some institutions shoot knowledge to advance technology in rules of order to be hired, some they assume all nurses are computer literate, if they are not this becomes a sorrow to their evaluation which later on could serve as root for their termination a major impact to the life of a nurse. Workplace stress can be described as the physical and stirred up endings that occur when there is distinction between the demands of the bloodline and the amount of control the individual has in contact those demands.Anytime stress occurs, it is an indication that the demands placed upon the person shake up exceeded the persons personal resources, whether these resources are physical, emotional, economic, social, or spiritual. Thus, workplace stress occurs when the challenges and demands of work become excessive, the pressures of the workplace exceed the workers powerfulness to handle them, and job happiness turns to frustration and exhaustion. (Lambert and Lambert, 2010). Nevertheless, work stress and burnout remain probatory concerns in nursing, impacting both individuals and organizations.For the individual nurse, regardless of whether stress is perceive positively or negatively, the neuroendocrine response yields physiologic reactions that may ultimately sacrifice to illness. In the health care organization, work stress may contribute to absenteeism and turnover, both of which detract from the quality of care. Hospital s in particular are facing a workforce crisis. The demand for acute care services is increasing concurrently with ever-changing career expectations among potential health care workers and growing dissatisfaction among existing hospital staff.By turning toxic work environments into healthy workplaces, researchers and nurse leading believe that improvements can be realized in recruitment and retention of nurses, job satisfaction for all health care staff, and patient outcomes curiously those cerebrate patient safety (B. M. Jennings, Chapter26 Work Stress and Burnout among Nurses Role of the Work Environment and Working Conditions). In one article entitled Job Stressors and Coping Mechanisms among hint Department Nurses in the Armed Force Hospitals in Taiwan it states that, nurses, as one of the paid service groups, tend to be exposed to extreme workloads.Their works are generally characterized by having a high contagious potential, being labor-intensive, having an overwhelming j ob shifting, and experiencing malicious complaints from patients. Compare to other general and professional person service jobs, nursing requires handling complicated and dynamic occurrences under strict time pressures. Studies have generally revealed that continuously excessive workloads tend to lower their job satisfaction and deteriorate in turnover intentions.These contextual difficulties indeed continuously challenge a nurses temper and professional performance. This may be particularly true for nurses in the emergency departments of the AFH. (Wei-Wen Liu, Feng-Chuan Pan, Pei-Chi wen Sen-Ji Chen, Su-Hui-Lin, 2010). In another study entitled Effects of job rotation and role stress among nurses on job satisfaction and organizational commitment, they mentioned that Job rotation inspires nurses to achieve higher performance, allowing continuous growth at work, extended knowledge and skill, and increasing clinic patient care-taking quality.Scholars have all proposed that job rotatio n may help employees to acquire multiple capabilities and expand vision, and that it can be an approach to reduce job burnout. But emotional pressure often occurs in the work environment where interpersonal interactions are highly involved. Especially, the nurses working at hospitals not only implement independent and professional nursing activities in accordance with doctors advice, but take responsibility for any immediate threat to patients lives as well. Thus, the importance of nurses is undeniable, and the influence of urses qualities and capabilities on medical care quality can never be ignored.Therefore, the primary concern of the practical field of medical care is to exhaustively recognize how role stress among nurses could affect their job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and effectively utilize the job rotation system to enhance and develop nurses job satisfaction and organizational commitment, in order to promote competitive advantages (Wen-Hsien Ho, Ching S. C hang, Ying-Ling Shih and Rong-Da Liang, 2010, Effects of Job Rotation and role stress among nurses on job satisfaction and organizational Commitment).It is the writers point of view that stressful lives among nurses are sometimes not all related to work, some nurses go to work stressed. This maybe due to presence of children, relationships or overworked at sign so that when they report for work they are already exhausted and becomes exhausted all the more if there are many patients to attend to. These are also true most especially among women, since they do much of the work at home attending to school activities of their children and attending to the needs of the whole family, physically, financially, and socially they become vulnerable to stress and illness.Despite all the work stress that the nurses ply, there are also some ways that help nurses cope with stress. To keep them physically, emotionally, and mentally s tabularise if not strong, they divert their attention to activit ies which they consider relaxing. Nurses learn techniques on how to control their temper when being stressed at work, for some they just endure tensions and exhaustion but once they reached home it is there that they find comfort and peace of mind, but to others, home sometimes adds to more stress, so they prefer staying out like malling.In an article entitled Nurses Workplace stressors and coping strategies it describes strategies to help nurses cope coping can be defined as the constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person. Coping activities may be problem-focused in that they are directed externally and involve attempts to manage or change the problem causing the stress.On the other hand, coping activities may be emotion-focused in that they are internally directed and involve attempts to alleviate emotional distress. Examples of problem-focused coping includes problem-solving activities, recognizing ones role in solving a problem and confronting the situation by using some degree of risk-taking behavior while emotion-focused coping includes wishful thinking, avoidance of confrontive behavior, and detachment or disengagement from the situation.This study bequeath use the combinatory Transactional Process Model by Beehr and Schuler to guide on the make of stress among registered Nurses in the workplace. According to the Integrative Transactional Process Model by Beehr schulers 1982, it corporal environmental stressors, perceptions, the stress response and stress outcomes, plus a host of moderator variables. The environmental stressors pertain to what the registered nurse encounters in his/her workplace perceived as stressful stimuli.The coping mechanisms that registered nurses utilize in combating the effect of stress to her/himself pertains to the perceptions and the response of a registered nurse to stress. This method model is in accordance with Lazarus conceptualization of stress by focusing on the role of cognitive appraisal (individual perception) which also highlights the nature of the (mis) fit between the organism and the environmental demands. The discrepancy between, whether challenges or goals, and the way the person perceives his potential responses to his demands cognitive stress.It is the persons own perception of the stressful event and the appraisal of ones ability to cope that stress. magazine (duration of stress) is incorporated through the separation of the immediate perception of stress and longer term response segment of model. The name of the model implies that its relationship is reciprocal, happens across time and/or stressor and integrated diverse areas of theory. This had implied the importance of time in the stress process. That is why the years of service and the age of the registered nurse was taken as variables in the scope of the study.Individual and contextual differences such as organizational changes, job qualities personal experiences, and individual needs/values are given central role in the models which are also considered strengths of this model. These qualities correlate to the variables specifically to the protect assignments of these registered nurses and their working relationship among nurse supervisors and other health personnel. Their everyday encounter in the workplace give them the opportunity to gain experience which maybe a nurturing or bad experience that may contribute to the stress of the registered nurse.This model considers the individual and contextual differences among registered nurses which in the study pertaining to their age and gender. The aim of the study is to find out the following effects of stress among registered nurses in the workplace. It specifically aims to find answers to the questions 1. ) what are the effects of stress among registered nurses in the workplace considering the following a. ) Physical health b . ) Emotional health c. ) Mental health 2. ) Is there a significant difference on the effects of stress among registered nurses considering the following a. Age b) Gender and c. )Years of service in the hospital, 3. ) Is there a significant difference on the effects of stress among registered nurses when delegate to a. ) Emergency ward b. ) Operating Room c. ) Surgical ward, and lastly, 4) What are the coping mechanisms utilized by registered nurses to overcome stress in the workplace? This study is for the nurses themselves, the outcome of this forget serve as a guide for them to determine, where thus the highest stress related factor occur in the lives of hospital nurses particularly the female nurses.It provide be an eye opener for them in a way that they will know that simple interaction among other people could imagine two different things it can be negative or positive in effect that could cause stress. To the nursing profession especially in the field of research, this stu dy would serve as a tool to use, as a source of information and guide not only among nurses but to other health practitioners as well, from this output, they can yield flyers or pamphlets entitled what causes stress in the workplace, which would contain vital informations about stress, its causes and effects to ourselves and to the people that surrounds us.Lastly, to the Hospital administrators, this research would serve as a source of information, so that they will become aware, up to what extent does stress do among workers. This could also serve as basis in better-looking rest days among workers when needed. A well rested employee becomes a productive, efficient and successful employee.The study will utilize a questionnaire in the form of a self-assessment checklist that was developed by the researchers based on review of literatures. The first part of the questionnaire is a letter to the respondents that informs them of the purpose of the study to give estimable disclosure of information. The second part includes the demographic data inclusive of name (which is optional) and workplace of the respondents, followed by the questionnaire proper. This will be answered by the respondents thru checking the correct rating in assessing the Effects of Stress among Registered Nurses in the Workplace.The questionnaire will be subjected by a research expert, Ms. Geraldine D. Delson, M.A.N. She was chosen to validate the questionnaire for the reason that she is an instructor in the SLU- School of Nursing, major in Psychiatry and therefore she is well-knowledgeable on the topic. She will be asked to evaluate the relevance of the items in the questionnaire using a four-point scale, where a take a shit of 1 is not relevant, 2 as somewhat relevant, 3 as quite relevant and 4 as very relevant. After rating, all the items with a score of 3 and 4 will be counted and divided by the total number of items in the questionnaire. Her comments and suggestions will be taken into con sideration during the revision of the tool. Reliability of the questionnaire will be subjected to a preliminary item analysis. The questionnaire will be distributed to thirty (30) staff nurses having their duty at the operational room, emergency ward and medical-surgical ward of SLU-Hospital of the divine Heart.After respondent, the questionnaires will be collected and will be asked for their comments and feedbacks regarding the questionnaire. Answers in the tool will be checked by the researchers to check for presence of ambiguity. Their comments will be taken into consideration in the revision of the tool before finally floating it. In the data gathering procedure, initially, the researchers will be giving a letter to the Chief Administrator of the Hospital informing her about the purpose of the study and that their respective Institution is chosen to be the locale wherein a number of nurses having their duty there will be taken as the respondents. Also, the letter will ask for permission to float questionnaires to the chosen respondents. After disposed(p) the permission, data gathering follows.During the data collection, the researchers will be given different hospital wards based from the selected special wards of SLU-Hospital of the Sacred Heart where they will collect data. In all the special wards chosen, the researchers will introduce themselves to the respondents and will establish rapport. The researchers will also inform the participants of the purpose and nature of the study before consent will be taken. In cases wherein the respondents decline to be part of the study, their decision will be respected.For the respondents who will agree, the researchers will present the checklist and they will give instructions as to how they will answer it. After giving the necessary instructions and reminders, the respondents will be given enough time to answer the questionnaire. The researchers will maintain a distance of 1-2 meters from the respondents while the questionnaires are being answered. To ensure anonymity, names will not be required to be written. The researchers will emphasize that any unanswered item will make their whole answers invalid. To prevent such occurrence, the researchers will stay with the respondents and double check on the answers of the questionnaire once it is passed to the researcher.After the respondents finish answering the checklist, the researchers will retrieve it and the researchers gratitude for participation will be have a bun in the ovened. The researchers will assure the respondents that they will be informed of the results of the study. After collecting the checklist, the researchers will check it for any unanswered item. All incompletely filled out questionnaire will be disregarded.The data collected will be collated, tabulated, organized and analyzed. descriptive statistics will be used to describe and summarize the data that will be gathered, making the data readily comprehensible. Through it , the researchers will be able to identify significant differences between the variables of the study. Frequency count and percentage (Sanchez, 1988) will be utilized to measure and compare data such as age, total number of male and female nurse respondents and years of service.For the physical, emotional and mental health effects, as well as the effects on whether they are nurses assigned at the operating room, emergency department or the surgical department, frequency count, and the coping mechanisms utilized, weighted mean and rank will be used. Weighted mean measures the average of the responses (f) in relation to the weight or the rating (r) allotted to the said response. To determine the significant difference on the respondents responses on the effects of stress among registered nurses in the workplace, nurses are grouped based on age and gender, the F-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) test ( Tan, 1997) will be utilized. A statistical technique designed to whether the del egacy of more than two quantitative populations are equal. The variances are used to test the quality of more than two populations.The effects of stress among registered nurses are categorized check to physical health, mental health and emotional health. The study was conducted among registered nurses of SLU-Hospital of the Sacred Heart regardless of gender, and those who are twenty five years of age and above, assigned at the operating room, emergency and surgical ward. The nurse respondents are also categorized according to their number of years in service After the researchers collected, collated, tabulated and organized the data, results were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to describe and summarize the data that were gathered.Through it, the researchers were able to identify the significant differences between variables of the study. In table one (1), weighted mean and ranking were used, weighted mean measures the average of the responses. Looking at the table, in c ategory one (1) effects of stress among nurses in their physical health, question number one (1) increase in overall sickness absence has the highest mean score of 3.1, while question number three (3) I do not indispensability to go to work early garnered the least mean score of 2.4, meaning most of the nurses assigned at the operating room, emergency ward and surgical ward when under physical stress opt to absent from work by filing a sick leave. And only few nurses do not pauperism to report to work early when under stress.Second category which is the effect of stress in the mental health of nurses, question number eight (8) conflicts fig out with colleagues, garnered the highest mean score which is 2.8 while question number six (6) I have ethical problems with my job, garnered the lowest mean of 2.1, while questions 11, 13, 14,15,16,17 and 19 (please refer to table 3) are all ranked as second question with the highest mean score of 2.6 and 2.7 respectively.The highest result m eans that nurses when under stress have this tendency to shape tension at work and lots of misunderstandings happen between and among them, which sometimes become evident when they are doing their job then suddenly commit mistakes. thusly it is good that the lowest mean score is number six, having ethical problems with job, meaning nurses despite stressors and other problems, they still respect each other and remain professional when dealing with it. The third and last category which is effect of stress to nurses in their emotional health, question number twenty five (25) I feel overladen at work has the highest mean score which is 2.7, while question numbers twenty seven (27) my relationship with co-workers are brusk and twenty eight (28) poor relationship with patients, are the two with the least mean score of 2.2 respectively.The meaning of the highest result which is I feel overloaded at work goes to show that nurses becomes work engine at the hospital, this could be due to u nder staffing or un equal division of work load. period it is a good remark that number 27 and 28 garnered the lowest mean score, because poor relationship with co-workers as well as with patients does not bring out the best in a nurse and in nursing service. In an article entitled Nurses workplace stressors and coping strategies, it defined stress as the physical and emotional outcomes that occur when there is disparity between the demands of the job and the amount of control the individual has in meeting those demands.Table two (2) is the coping mechanisms used by nurses when under stress in the workplace. Weighted mean and ranking are the statistical treatment used to determine the results. Coping mechanism number five (5) I say no to overtime if I do not feel happy to do it garnered the highest mean score of 3.4, while coping mechanisms numbers two (2) I object lesson regularly and number thirteen (13) I allow myself to feel angry and express this in a safe way have the least mean score of 2.4, meaning nurses are but human beings, they feel and they learn to say no when it comes to overtime because of exhaustion.They reach the point when they are totally burn-out. In an article entitled Stress Management, it says that these stressors can lead to the classic burn-out syndrome. Instead of persisting until this happens, nurses can learn more effective coping strategies, become self-aware, acknowledge their own limitations, and acquire emotion-fcused and problem-solving skills (Selye, 1956). While that is the highest result, we come to the lowest which are numbers two and thirteen.Exercising regularly got a low mean score most probably because nurses when they get home from work they are already tired and there is no more time for them to do some exercising. While the latter expressing anger the safe way, it got also a low score most probably because it was not clear to the respondents what was meant by safe way to express anger. Safe way can be counting fro m one to one hundred, inhaling and exhaling until the body feels calm. Or maybe drinking or eating your favorite dish, feed can become an outlet of anger these are few ways of safe outlet for anger.

Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

genetically Modified Foods EssayIn the world, many a(prenominal) people are not getting the balanced amount of nutrition-needed daily. There are many vitamin deficiencies that grass lead to illnesses, malnutrition, and death. However, biotechnology has made this pandemic decrease through genetically modified foods. galore(postnominal) people think that these foods are unhealthy for people, and they are harmful. They think that this type of food is untraditional. I believe that genetically modified foods are good for countries that gestate gamy malnutrition rates. They are also good to help preserve food against pesticides. The purpose of this essay is to show how genetically modified foods are good for countries with malnutrition.Genetically modified foods are food that has received a segment of DNA or genes from another organism through biotechnology engineering. Biotechnology is the exploitation of biologic processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the ge netic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, and etc. The most special Kly known genetically modified food is golden rice. gilt rice is engineered to contain a higher amount of vitamin A to improve the health of unskilled laborers in undeveloped countries. Golden rice is mainly apply in Asian countries or countries whose staple fiber food is rice.Originally, rice doesnt have a high amount of vitamin A, and in those countries there are high amounts of deficiency in Vitamin A. Vitamin A plays a significant role for healthy vision, strong bones, supple skin, normal cell regeneration, reproduction, and helps the immune system fend aside infections. A deficiency in Vitamin A can result in eye diseases such as Nyctalopia (night blindness), Xerophthalmia (dry eye syndrome) , and/or kernel blindness. Golden rice is enhanced with multiple DNA, including DNA from daffodils. Also, this rice has a higher amount of beta-carotene. In my opinion, golden r ice is good for undeveloped countries whose staple is rice because this rice contains DNA from another plant. Therefore, it doesnt have a lot of chemicals that could eventually be harmful to peoples body.There are more foods that are genetically modified such as corn, potatoes, soybeans, squash, canola, flax, and tomatoes. Corn and potatoes are modified with a gene to produce an endotoxin. An endotoxin is a toxic core group produced and stored within the plant tissue. This endotoxin protects these vegetables from corn-borer pest and the potato beetle. Likewise, soybeans can be modified with a gene from a bacterium to father it weedkiller resistant. A herbicide is a type of pesticide that is used to kill unwanted plants, such as weeds. This can reenforcement vegetables safe from harmful insects. These insects can destroy or make the vegetable harmful for digestion.Some people may say that genetically modified foods are untraditional. However, many foods that are used today are mo dified. The genes of many plants have been modified so much over the years that they are embedded into the DNA of the plant. Cross breeding was the first forms of modifying food through genetics. Since hide breeding was discovered, it was a large part of agricultural processes. Therefore, many vegetables, whether organic or not, have been modified somewhere down the history line of that vegetable.In conclusion, many people feel that genetically modified foods are not a traditional or healthy way to eat. However, genetically modified foods can help undeveloped countries become healthier and prevent some vitamin deficiencies, such as Vitamin A deficiency. Many vegetables are modified to help prevent them from their common pest and enemy-like plants. Also, throughout the years many plants have undergone minor genetic changes. These changes are used in vegetables today to help make them healthier and keep them fresher longer. This can make the world a healthier and better place.

Site Directed Mutagenesis of Subtilisin

Site Directed Mutagenesis of SubtilisinIntroductionSubtilisin is a monomeric protein serine proteolytic enzyme, which is cleard by Gram positive bacteria and fungi.(1) Serine proteases be a subgroup of carbonyl hydrolase. These carbonyl hydrolases female genitals be naturally occurring or recombinant. Naturally occurring carbonyl hydrolases consists of subtilisin matalloproteases, serine carboxypeptidase and thiol proteinase. In case of recombinant carbonyl hydrolase, the sequence coding for the wild type enzyme is altered to produce a edition each by insertion, substitution or deletion of amino group dot. Proteases be a diverse class of enzymes having several bio lumberical functions and specificities. The catalytic machinery of these enzymes is attributed to subtilisin and mammalian chymotrypsin related bacterial serine protease.(2) They are responsible for cleaving peptide bonds found in proteins. The proteases play an important role in cell wall turnover and are maximall y expressed in the stationary phase. Serine proteases have molecular weights ranging from 25,000-30,000. They are inhibited by diidopropylfluorophosphate but are resistant to EDTA ( ethylene diamaine tetra acetic acid.) (3)The amino acid sequences of several subtilisins like subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin BPN, and subtilisin DY are known. Subtilisin BPN is a 275 amino acid serine protease, which is secreted by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. This enzyme is industrially important and its gene has been cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis. This molecule has two enzyme adhere settles- one of the site binds weakly to cations and the other one binds calcium with high affinity. These calcium binding sites are special K characteristics of microbial proteases since they contribute towards kinetic and thermodynamic stability. Subtilisin is majorly utilise in industries wherein the environment gets high levels of metal chelators which remove the calcium from subtilisin , thus reducing its stability. It would be super beneficial to create a stable subtilisin which would be independent of calcium. These mutated subtilisin enzymes will have an enhanced stability even in the presence of detergents and chaotropic agents. X-ray crystallographic synopsis of mutants revealed that the conformational changes due to the mutations are localized, with really less distortion of the backbone structure. Thus a large increase in stability good deal be obtained with very minor changes in the protein structure. Mutants can be created by deletion, addition or substitution of amino acids at positions 75-83. The deletion of amino acids 75-83 has shown to eliminate the calcium binding site while still retaining its enzymatic activity. However, calcium free subtilisins are susceptible to proteolysis. This can be overcome by converting the active site serine 221 to cysteine (S221C). This allows the protein to button up without any auto-degradation by proteolysis. A recombinant DNA was created which encoded an active subtilisin protein without the ability to bind to calcium. The protein had no codons which specifies amino acids 75-83 and had certain additional stabilizing mutations at the N-terminal amino acids 1-8 or the helix amino acids 70-74 or the helix turn amino acids 84-89. Suitable host cells were transformed with an expression vector containing this DNA segment. Upon culturing the host cells the enzymatically active subtilisin mutant was expressed and recovered.(1)Fabric cleaning compositions containing subtilisin BPN mutantsThe ability to hydrolyze proteins can be exploited by incorporating these proteases as an additive to laundry detergents. Most of the stains on tog are proteinaceous and these enzymes can efficiently aid in their removal. The amino acid sequence of the protease is responsible for its characteristics. The subtilisin BPN variants have modifications at 2-3 amino acid positions. This variant has an increased hydrolytic power and de creased adsorption to an insoluble subst judge as compared to the original subtilisin. A decreased adsorption to the substrate results in a better cleaning performance.In subtilisin BPN, the amino acids ranging from position 199-220 form a large exterior loop on the molecule. This loop plays an important role in mediating the adsorption of enzyme to the surface bound peptide and mutations in this region will affect the adsorption. The substituting amino acids in case of a mutation are either neutral or negatively charged. The substituting amino acid for position 199 is mostly His, Ala, Cys, Pro, Glu, Asp, Gly, Asn or Gln and for position 207 is Glu or Asp. The cleaning compositions comprise of 0.001-1% of one or more enzyme variants. The enzyme variants can be used along with other conventional ingredients to produce efficient fabric laundry composition. These fabric cleaning compositions also contain various zwitterionic or anionic surfactants, hydrotopes, dyes or pigments, primary or secondary alcohols, chelating agents and brighteners.FermentationThe Bacillus subtilis cells having the subtilisin mutant are allowed to grow till mid log phase in LB glucose broth and is then inoculated into a fermentor.The cells are grown overnight at 37C. Chloramphenicol is added for the antibiotic selection of mutagenized plasmid. The cells are removed from the broth by centrifugationThe enzyme is purified by affinity adsorption or cation exchange chromatography.The active enzyme concentration is determined by the pNA assay. ( para nitro anilide) This assay measures the rate at which pNA is released as the enzyme hydrolyses the substrate. The rate at which the yellow colour is produced is measured at 410nm with the help of a spectrophotometer and is directly proportional to the enzyme concentration. The total protein concentration can also be estimated by determining the absorbance at 280nm. (4)Production of subtilisin variantsTechniques used in microbiology, molecular biolo gy, protein purification and recombinant DNA technology are all used in developing a subtilisin variant, which is a part of dish washing and fabric cleaning compositions.Cassette mutagenesis method for production of protease variantsThe gene encoding the protease is sequencedThe sequence is screened for a point at which desired mutation can be madeThe sequences flanking this region are checked for the presence of restriction enzyme site so as to replace a short segment of the gene with an oligonucleotide which will then encode various mutants.The gene is mutated by primer offstageThe oligonucleotides are synthesized to have the same restriction sites, eliminating the need for synthetic linkers to create the restriction site. The genes coding for serine proteases of B.amyloliquefaciens, B.subtilis and B.licheniformis can be used as targets for mutagenesis. The gene can be inserted into a suitable vector and introduced into a host strain ( Bacillus PB92) for expression and production of mutant proteases.These mutations / substitutions enhance the performance and stability of subtilisin in detergent compositions. These serine proteases can be used in the form of granules and liquid composition both in laundry dishwashing and cosmetic applications. These enzymes are much in the form of encapsulated particles in order to protect it from the other components. Encapsulation also improves the enzyme performance and helps in regulating its availability. The encapsulating material can be derived from carbohydrates, silicates, polyvinyl alcohol, borates, PEG or paraffin waxes.Fabric cleaning performance by Blood Milk Ink microswatch assay. (BWI)This assay is performed on a microtitre plate. Samples of the subtilisin variants and reference subtilisin are obtained from filtered culture broths. 10ul samples of the enzyme are added to the BWI swatch plate along with 90ul of working detergent dissolving agent. The plates are incubated for 30 minutes. 100ul of the supernata nt is transferred into a new microtiter plate and its absorbance is measured. Control wells contain the detergent solution without the protease sample. The measurement at 450nm tracks pigment removal and at 600nm tracks turbidity and cleaning. The performance index (PI) of the variant is calculated. PI compares the performance of variant and reference enzyme at the same protein concentration.PI1 the variant is better than the wild type.PI=1 variant and standard have the same performancePI

Sustainable Architecture And Passive Housing Construction Essay

sustainable Architecture And Passive phratry Construction EssayIn the daily life, a lot of people past by some of these words sustainable computer architecture or green buildings however, they dont the meaning of it. For that reason, Ive decided to write about supine housing, which is a type of sustainable architecture. scarcely before starting discussing the topic, a brief introduction to sustainable architecture leave alone be given. in that location are a lot of definitions for sustainable architecture nevertheless, there are two definitions that simple and exact idea about it. The prototypical one(a) is Environmentally-friendly houses and moneymaking(prenominal) buildings that are designed and built using sustainable building technologies, sustainable building materials, and sustainable competency systems, that dont burden future generations with environmental and financial debts. (Sustainable Architecture) And other defection was defined by architect Robert Berkebile, S ustainable Architecture is a design that improves the quality of life today, without diminishing it for the next generation. (Sustainable Architecture) In short, sustainable architecture is a way of building house and commercial buildings to save the environment for the future.Sustainable architecture isnt a new technology. It started developing in Europe since almost 500 long time ago. It started by simple idea, which indicates how houses puke be cool in summer and warm in winter by using minimum energy. Now days, they have more complicated ideas such(prenominal) as producing their own electricity and recycling waste. That is because of the new technological advances, human has been developing over the years. There are tierce types of sustainable architecture loosely common and they are zero energy buildings, passive housing and law energy housing.Is sustainable architecture that important to be developing for all of these years? In fact, its an important factor of saving the en vironment from depletion. According to the National Ameri washbasin Homebuilders Association, a typical, (non-sustainable) stick-built or wood-frame home was 2,085 square feet and requiredmore than one acre of trees/forest moreover, the waste created during the edifice of this typical home averages between 3 tons to 7 tons, for every new house built. It tho saves construction materials, that also reduces the consumption of energy and water.Passive house have one main principle which is reduce the energy lost in the house. But how can it be done. Its done by isolating the building and using the energy of people and the households. Passive house is very energy efficient because it use only 10% of energy that regular house use. This amount of energy is employ for heating, hot water, and household electricity.In May 1988, Professors Bo Adamson of Lund University, Sweden, and Dr. Wolfgang Feist of the Institut fr Wohnen und Umwelt (Institute for Housing and the Environment) had a con versation about the Passive House standard originated. As result of the conversation, they developed the concept of passive housing by doing many enquiry projects which have been supported financially by the German state of Hesse.The first passive house buildings were built in 1990 in Darmstadt, Germany. The Passivhaus Institut (the passive house institute) was formal in September 1996. The concept of passive housing became more commercialized and following theEuropean UnionsponsoredCEPHEUSproject in winter of 2000-2001. Moreover, in 2003 the first passive house was built in North America, Urbana, Illinois. Since the institute was founded, 15,000 passive houses were built worldwide. Most of these houses were built in Germany andAustria.Figure Time Line of the narration of Passive HousingThe Design of Passive HousingThere are mainly two secern elements from designing a passive house, which are the predilection of the building and the construction material.The Orientation of the Bu ildingThe first feature that should be considered before building a passive house is the orientation of the house that is because it is the key of the utmost energy production. Since the solar energy is the most reliable energy for the house, the house should be directed to the sun. On the other hand, the come up also should be considered because it can cool the house during winter. For these reasons, the house is directed to the east-west axis and most of the windows are ought to be on the south wall of the house. In this way, the house will get maximum of sunlight and minimum of wind entering the house. Although, these conditions work perfectly in winter, there is other condition should be thought of in summer which is shading. Shading is important because it reduces the sunlight getting into the house. This is the main technique that passive house uses to heat and cool itself.The Construction MaterialFigure How passive house works?As any ordinary house, passive house has the sam e basic building material, but it is only enhanced to maximize the energy gained and minimize the lost. Concrete, bricks and stone are the basic material for building a passive house because they can absorb the energy from the sun fully and gradually. As result of the long period of energy absorbing, a phenomenon which is called lag happens. Lag is the warm sunlight which was absorbed during the day then released slowly during the night. There three types of windows glass and they are one pane, two pane and three pane windows. One pane and two pane windows are commonly used in normal houses however, three pane windows are used in passive house. Moreover, they are made from three glass panes which are split by business line or Argon gas. This makes the window more insulated that prevents cold occupation getting in and decreasing the heat getting out. Because of the house is insulated, Mechanical Ventilation is used in the house to proved fresh walkover and heat. It gets fresh por t from and takes out the polluted air from the house while it heat the fresh air by absorbing the heat from the polluted air. Also, all passive houses have solar panels that convert the sun light to electricity that serves the house. Moreover, some of the houses have wind tribunes which also provide it with electricity. The wind tribunes are installed only if the area where the house is built has sufficient amount of wind.There are many advantages of building house passively. The cost of electricity is very low which is about 100 a year. Also, it is eco-friendly because it uses less electricity and that lead to less consumption of petroleum product, nature gas, coal and wood. These products release a lot Carbon Dioxide (CO2) that pollute the air which leads to global warming. In addition, it improved the sustainability of the house. Furthermore, it helps people who have allergies by reducing their symptoms. It is reduced because the air internal respiration system cleans the air f rom dust are pollution. However, there is one disadvantage of passive housing that is air tightness, so without an efficient air ventilation system that keep the air clean and preserve an excellent humidity percentage in the house.ConclusionTo summarize, sustainable architecture is the way of building without harming the environment. There are many ways of sustainable architecture, and one of them is passive housing. It has one key principle which is minimizing the energy lost from the house. Passive housing is new disposition which started in 1988. The standards of passive housing are set by Professors Bo Adamson and Dr. Wolfgang Feist. The standards of passive housing have two main ideas which are the orientation of the building and the construction material. The cost of passive housing is higher than a normal house by 5-15%. Eco friendly and cost efficiency are advantages of passive housing, but air tightness is a disadvantage.